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Navigation — Aeroplanes
General and radio navigation, charts, GNSS.
7 Kapitel
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Syllabus mapping
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Syllabus mapping
02
General Navigation
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The Earth and coordinates
Distance
Direction
Solar System, Earth Rotation and Seasons
Time and Time Conversions (UTC, LMT, Time Zones, Date Line)
Magnetism (see also AGK §10)
Aeronautical charts
Projections used
Scales commonly used
Symbols (memorise the legend on the chart)
Dead reckoning (DR)
The wind triangle
Time, speed, distance (1-in-60 rule)
Mental DR — speed/heading rule of thumb (PPL)
Fuel: time/quantity
PLOG format (recap from Subject 030)
In-flight navigation technique
Map reading
Fixing position
Correcting track and ETA
PBN — Performance-Based Navigation (awareness)
Speed and time
Worked examples
1-in-60 rule
Wind correction angle
Time-speed-distance
Fuel
Self-test
Official references
Radio Waves and Propagation
VDF (VHF Direction Finding)
DME (Distance Measuring Equipment)
Radar / Transponder / Secondary Surveillance Radar
09
Radio navigation
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VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) / Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
ILS — basic awareness
GNSS (GPS-based navigation)
GNSS in practice for VFR