Self-test

Self-test Subject 060 Navigation

This self-test covers key concepts and application questions from Subject 060. Answers at the end.

Earth and coordinates

1. How many metres are in one nautical mile?
2. On which line does 1' of longitude exactly equal 1 NM?
3. What does variation 5°E mean?
4. Which direction error occurs in the Northern Hemisphere when rolling out of a turn from a north heading ("UNOS")?

Charts

5. ICAO 1
   ,000: how many mm equal 1 NM?
6. What does MEF = 47 mean?
7. Which map projection is standard for ICAO 1
   ,000 charts?
8. Which property CAN'T a map have simultaneously — conformal, equal-area, or equidistant?

Dead reckoning

9. TT = 180°, TAS = 100 kt, wind = 270°/20 kt. What is the crosswind?
10. Rule of thumb: WCA ≈ ?
11. PLOG entry: 30 NM at 90 kt GS — how many minutes?
12. 1-in-60 rule: off-track 3 NM, flown 20 NM, remaining 40 NM. What is the total correction?

Radio navigation

13. Which frequency band does VOR use?
14. What does "TO" on the VOR CDI mean?
15. What accuracy does a VOR bearing typically have (ICAO Annex 10)?
16. Which ADF error is amplified at sunrise and sunset?
17. What frequency does an ILS localiser have?
18. What is the decision height of a CAT-I ILS?
19. What civil L1 GPS accuracy is achieved without SBAS (95 % confidence)?
20. What does "RAIM" stand for?

Fuel

21. EASA NCO.OP.125: how many minutes reserve are required for day VFR?
22. How many minutes for night VFR?

Other

23. What are the "5 C's" in the lost procedure?
24. How often is the AIRAC cycle updated?

Answers

1. 1852 m exactly.
2. At the equator (φ=0°). At 60° latitude, 1' of longitude = 0.5 NM.
3. Magnetic north is 5° east of true north at the observation site.
4. Undershoot — compass lags, pilot must roll out early.
5. 3.7 mm (1
   ,000 = 5 km/cm; 1 NM = 1.852 km → 3.704 mm).
6. Maximum Elevation Figure 4700 ft AMSL (in thousand ft, hundred ft) — largest known terrain/obstacle +100 ft, rounded up to 100 ft.
7. Lambert Conformal Conic (LCC).
8. All three at once is impossible (Gauss theorem 1827).
9. 20 kt from the right (wind from 270°, track 180°, angle 90° → pure crosswind = 20 × sin(90°) = 20).
10. WCA ≈ (crosswind × 60) / TAS.
11. 20 min (30 NM / 90 kt = 0.333 h = 20 min).
12. TE = (3 × 60) / 20 = 9°. CA = (3 × 60) / 40 = 4.5°. Total = 13.5°.
13. 108.00–117.975 MHz (VHF, with 108-111.95 shared with ILS localiser).
14. The selected course (OBS) leads to the station.
15. ±5° per ICAO Annex 10, in practice ±2°.
16. Night effect / twilight error — sky-wave overlaying the ground wave.
17. 108.10–111.95 MHz (even 100 kHz channels).
18. Decision height ≥ 200 ft (60 m) AGL, RVR 550 m.
19. 3–5 m lateral (95 %, without SBAS).
20. Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring — the on-board receiver checks consistency of satellite signals itself.
21. 30 minutes holding at 1500 ft AGL (NCO.OP.125 (b)(1)).
22. 45 minutes (NCO.OP.125 (b)(2)).
23. Climb, Conserve, Communicate, Confess, Comply.
24. Every 28 days.