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Avionics (basic)

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Avionics covers radio and navigation equipment. Standard components in a PPL trainer:

ComponentFrequency rangeFunctionSource
VHF COM (radio)118.000–136.975 MHz, AMRadiotelephony with ATC/informationICAO Annex 10 Vol. III §2.1; in the EU 8.33 kHz channel spacing (Reg. (EU) 1079/2012)
VHF NAV / VOR108.000–117.950 MHzLateral navigation; radio beacon receptionICAO Annex 10 Vol. I §3.3
ILS LOC108.10–111.95 MHz (even tenths)Precision approach — lateralICAO Annex 10 Vol. I §3.1
ADF (Automatic Direction Finder)190–1 750 kHz typicalNDB beacon reception; needle pointerICAO Annex 10 Vol. I §3.4
DME (Distance Measuring Equipment)962–1 213 MHz UHFSlant distance to ground stationICAO Annex 10 Vol. I §3.5
GNSS (GPS / Galileo)L-band (1.1–1.6 GHz)Global position; en-route navigationICAO Annex 10 Vol. I §3.7
Transponder1 030 MHz (interrogation) / 1 090 MHz (reply)Secondary radar reply; Mode A (code), Mode C (altitude), Mode S (ID + data link)ICAO Annex 10 Vol. IV §3
ELT121.5 MHz (analogue) and 406 MHz (digital, COSPAS-SARSAT)Emergency beacon after impact — see Air Law §10.2ICAO Annex 10 Vol. III §5

VHF NAV — distinguishing VOR vs. ILS

Frequencies 108.000–111.950 MHz are shared:

  • Even tenths (e.g. 108.10, 108.15) are ILS LOC.
  • Odd tenths (e.g. 108.30, 108.35) are VOR.

Frequencies from 112.000 MHz upward are all VOR.

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