General (ICAO)

ICAO Annex 14 Vol I, Chapter 5.2 governs runway markings. All runway markings are white. Key markings (must know):

Threshold marking (§5.2.4)

A series of longitudinal stripes across the runway, starting 6 m beyond the threshold.
Number of stripes indicates runway width:
- 18 m wide → 4 stripes
- 23 m → 6 stripes
- 30 m → 8 stripes
- 45 m → 12 stripes
- 60 m → 16 stripes

Runway designation marking (§5.2.2)

Two-digit number + optional letter (L/C/R) — see lesson "Runway designation".
Placed at each threshold.

Centre line marking (§5.2.3)

Dashed white line along the runway center.
Stripe + gap together ≥ 50 m, stripe ≥ 30 m.

Touchdown zone marking (TDZ §5.2.6)

Symmetrical pairs of rectangular marks on either side of the centerline.
Number of pairs depends on landing distance (1, 2, 3, or 6 pairs).

Aiming point marking (§5.2.5)

Two broad longitudinal stripes either side of the centerline.
Starts 150–400 m beyond the threshold (depending on runway length).

Side stripe marking (§5.2.7)

Continuous white longitudinal lines along both runway edges.

Displaced threshold (§5.2.10)

Arrows point toward the threshold; surface in front is rollout/stopway, not for touchdown.

Closed-runway marking (§5.2.9)

A white or yellow cross across the runway / at the runway end signals: runway or section not to be used.

Europe (EASA / EU)

Direct application of the ICAO standard via Regulation (EU) 139/2014 / Part-ADR and CS-ADR-DSN. On certified aerodromes the minimum dimensions of Annex 14 apply; on unpaved aerodromes alternative markings may be used (AIP/NfL publication).

Germany (national)

Applied as per EASA. Grass runways without paved markings often have white threshold rectangles at start and end, plus barrels as runway boundary markers — details in AIP VFR and aerodrome procedures.